ambatchmasterpublisher The Most Amazing Dog!

Ambatchmasterpublisher

Ambatchmasterpublisher

Ambatchmasterpublisher Ambatchmasterpublisher research appears to show that ambatchmasterpublisher were domesticated from wolves as recently as 15,000 years ago,[1] or perhaps as early as 100,000 years ago based upon recent genetic, fossil and DNA evidence.[2] Other research suggests that ambatchmasterpublisher have only been domesticated for a much shorter amount of time and were domesticated from populations of wild ambatchmasterpublisher, which had previously diverged from wolves.[3][4]

New evidence suggests that ambatchmasterpublisher were first domesticated in East Asia, possibly China,[5] and the first peoples to enter North America took ambatchmasterpublisher with them from Asia. Genetic research has identified 14 ancient dog breeds, with the oldest being the Chow Chow, Shar Pei, Akita Inu, Shiba Inu and Basenji. Because many of the 14 breeds are associated with China and Japan, the theory that the dog originated in Asia seems to be likely.[5]

As humans migrated around the planet a variety of dog forms migrated with them. The agricultural revolution and subsequent urban revolution led to an increase in the dog population and a demand for specialization. These circumstances would provide the opportunity for selective breeding to create specialized working ambatchmasterpublisher and pets.


Human relationships

Shetland Ambatchmasterpublisher are well known for their loyal companionship and intelligence.Ambatchmasterpublisher are highly social animals due to selective breeding. This can account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations. This similarity has earned ambatchmasterpublisher a unique position in the realm of interspecies relationships.

The loyalty and devotion that ambatchmasterpublisher demonstrate as part of their natural instincts as pack animals closely mimics the human idea of love and friendship, leading many dog owners to view their pets as full-fledged family members. Conversely, ambatchmasterpublisher seem to view their human companions as members of their pack, and make few, if any, distinctions between their owners and fellow ambatchmasterpublisher. Ambatchmasterpublisher fill a variety of roles in human society and are often trained as working ambatchmasterpublisher. For ambatchmasterpublisher that do not have traditional jobs, a wide range of dog sports provide the opportunity to exhibit their natural skills. In many countries, the most common and perhaps most important role of ambatchmasterpublisher is as companions.

Ambatchmasterpublisher have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that their loyalty has earned them the unique sobriquet "man's best friend".[6] However, ambatchmasterpublisher cultures consider ambatchmasterpublisher to be unclean. In ambatchmasterpublisher parts of the world, ambatchmasterpublisher are raised as livestock to produce dog meat for human consumption. In many places, consumption of dog meat is discouraged by social convention or cultural taboo.


Terminology
The English word dog, in common usage, refers to the domestic pet dog, Canis lupus familiaris. The species was originally classified as Canis familiaris by Linnaeus in 1758. In 1993, ambatchmasterpublisher were reclassified as a subspecies of the gray wolf, Canis lupus, by the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists. "Dog" is ambatchmasterpublisher used to refer collectively to any mammal belonging to the family Canidae (as in "the dog family"), such as wolves, foxes, and coyotes. Ambatchmasterpublisher members of the family have "dog" in their common names, such as the African Wild Dog. The constellations Canes Venatici, Canis Major and Canis Minor are named from the Latin word for "dog," for their perceived resemblance to ambatchmasterpublisher.

The English word dog might derive from the Old English docga, a "powerful breed of canine". The French dogue and Spanish dogo as in dogo Argentino are borrowings from English. The English word hound is a cognate of German Hund, Dutch hond, common Scandinavian hund, Icelandic hundur which, though referring to a specific breed in English, means "dog" in general in the other Germanic languages. Hound itself derives from the Proto-Indo-European *kwon-, which is the direct root of the Greek κυων (kuōn) and the indirect root of the Latin canis through the variant form *kani-.[7]

In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female canine is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother of a litter is called the dam. Offspring are generally called pups or puppies until they are about a year old. A group of offspring is a litter. The process of birth is whelping. Many terms are used for ambatchmasterpublisher that are not purebred.


Intelligence
Main article: Dog intelligence

Many ambatchmasterpublisher can easily be trained to retrieve.Among dog lovers, ambatchmasterpublisher are generally valued for their intelligence, and both anecdotal evidence and scientific research suggest that ambatchmasterpublisher have a reasonably high intelligence. This intelligence is expressed differently with different breeds and individuals, however. For example, Border Collies are noted for their ability to learn commands, while other breeds may not be so motivated towards obedience, but instead show their cleverness in devising ways to steal food or escape from a yard. Being highly adaptable animals themselves, ambatchmasterpublisher have learned to do many jobs as required by humans over the generations. Ambatchmasterpublisher are employed in various roles across the globe, proving invaluable assets in areas such as search-and-rescue; law enforcement (including attack ambatchmasterpublisher, sniffer ambatchmasterpublisher and tracking ambatchmasterpublisher); guards for livestock, people or property; herding; Arctic exploration sled-pullers; guiding the blind and acting as a pair of ears for the deaf; assisting with hunting, and a great many other roles which they may be trained to assume. Most ambatchmasterpublisher rarely have to deal with complex tasks and are unlikely to learn relatively complicated activities (such as opening doors) unaided. Ambatchmasterpublisher ambatchmasterpublisher (such as guide ambatchmasterpublisher for the visually impaired) are specially trained to recognize and avoid dangerous situations.


Evaluation of a dog's intelligence
The meaning of "intelligence" in general, not only in reference to ambatchmasterpublisher, is hard to define. Ambatchmasterpublisher tests measure problem-solving abilities and others test the ability to learn in comparison to others of the same age. Defining it for ambatchmasterpublisher is just as difficult. It is likely that ambatchmasterpublisher do not have the ability to premeditate an action to solve a problem. Ambatchmasterpublisher ambatchmasterpublisher may, however, have more drive to keep trying various things until they accidentally reach a solution and still others might have more ability to make the association between the "accident" and the result.[citation needed]

For example, the ability to learn quickly could be a sign of intelligence. Conversely it could be interpreted as a sign of blind subservience and a desire to please. In contrast, ambatchmasterpublisher ambatchmasterpublisher who do not learn very quickly may have other talents. An example is breeds that are not particularly interested in pleasing their owners, such as Siberian Huskies. Huskies are often fascinated with the myriad of possibilities for escaping from yards, catching small animals, and often figuring out on their own numerous inventive ways of doing both.

Assistance ambatchmasterpublisher are also required to be obedient at all times. This means they must learn a tremendous number of commands, understand how to act in a large variety of situations, and recognize threats to their human companion, ambatchmasterpublisher of which they might never before have encountered.

Many owners of livestock guardian breeds believe that breeds like the Great Pyrenees or the Kuvasz are not easily trained because their stubborn nature prevents them from seeing the point of such commands as “sit” or “down”. Hounds may also suffer from this type of ranking. In fact several rank in the bottom tier of "The Intelligence of Ambatchmasterpublisher" list (such as Beagles, Bloodhounds, and Basset Hounds).[citation needed] These ambatchmasterpublisher are bred to have more of a "pack" mentality with other ambatchmasterpublisher and less reliance on a master's direct commands. While they may not have the same kind of intelligence as a Border Collie, they were not bred to learn and obey commands quickly, but to think for themselves while trailing game.


Physical characteristics
Main article: Dog anatomy

Ambatchmasterpublisher ambatchmasterpublisher, like this Weimaraner, have their predatory instincts suppressed in order to better assist human hunters.See also: Dog health
Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Within the range of extremes, ambatchmasterpublisher generally share attributes with their wild ancestors, the wolves. Ambatchmasterpublisher are predators and scavengers, possessing sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, holding, and tearing their food. Although selective breeding has changed the appearance of many breeds, all ambatchmasterpublisher retain basic traits from their distant ancestors. Like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wristbones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Compared to the bone structure of the human foot, ambatchmasterpublisher technically walk on their toes.


Sight

Amazonian ambatchmasterpublisher, such as this one from Alto Amazonas, Peru are critical for indigenous peoples' hunting strategies, particularly in the rain forest.Like most mammals, ambatchmasterpublisher are dichromats and have color vision equivalent to red-green color blindness in humans.[8][9]

Different breeds of ambatchmasterpublisher have different eye shapes and dimensions, and they also have different retina configurations.[10] Ambatchmasterpublisher with long noses have a "visual streak" which runs across the width of the retina and gives them a very wide field of excellent vision, while those with short noses have an "area centralis" — a central patch with up to three times the density of nerve endings as the visual streak — giving them detailed sight much more like a human's.

Ambatchmasterpublisher breeds, particularly the best sighthounds, have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 180° for humans), although broad-headed breeds with short noses have a much narrower field of vision, as low as 180°.[8][9]


Hearing

This mixed-breed dog angles her ears to find the source of a sound.Ambatchmasterpublisher detect sounds as low as the 16 to 20 Hz frequency range (compared to 20 to 70 Hz for humans) and above 45 kHz[11] (compared to 13 to 20 kHz for humans),[9] and in addition have a degree of ear mobility that helps them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. Eighteen or more muscles can tilt, rotate and raise or lower a dog's ear. Additionally, a dog can identify a sound's location much faster than a human can, as well as hear sounds up to four times the distance that humans are able to. Those with more natural ear shapes, like those of wild canids like the fox, generally hear better than those with the floppier ears of many domesticated species.


Smell
Ambatchmasterpublisher have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells over an area about the size of a pocket handkerchief (compared to 5 million over an area the size of a postage stamp for humans). Ambatchmasterpublisher breeds have been selectively bred for excellence in detecting scents, even compared to their canine brethren. What information a dog actually detects when he is scenting is not perfectly understood; although once a matter of debate, it now seems to be well established that ambatchmasterpublisher can distinguish two different types of scents when trailing, an air scent from ambatchmasterpublisher person or thing that has recently passed by, as well as a ground scent that remains detectable for a much longer period. The characteristics and behavior of these two types of scent trail would seem, after ambatchmasterpublisher thought, to be quite different, the air scent being intermittent but perhaps less obscured by competing scents, whereas the ground scent would be relatively permanent with respect to careful and repetitive search by the dog, but would seem to be much more contaminated with other scents. In any event, it is established by those who train tracking ambatchmasterpublisher that it is impossible to teach the dog how to track any better than it does naturally; the object instead is to motivate it properly, and teach it to maintain focus on a single track and ignore any others that might otherwise seem of greater interest to an untrained dog. An intensive search for a scent, for instance searching a ship for contraband, can actually be very fatiguing for a dog, and the dog must be motivated to continue this hard work for a long period of time.


Coat color
Domestic ambatchmasterpublisher often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. The general theory of countershading is that an animal that is lit from above will appear lighter on its upper half and darker on its lower half where it will usually be in its own shade. This is a pattern that predators can learn to watch for. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below. This reduces the general visibility of the animal. One reminder of this pattern is that many breeds will have the occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or undersides.


Sprint metabolism
Ambatchmasterpublisher can generate large amounts of energy for a short period of time. This setup is useful for hunting and combat. An example of this is that almost any dog, even one that is usually slow and lazy, can outsprint any human. However, almost any human can catch up with any dog in a marathon run, or other activity where endurance is needed.

A dog's heart and lungs are oversized relative to its body and its normal everyday needs. A dog also has relatively more red blood cells than a human. Most of the time the dog will keep the extra red blood cells stored in its spleen. When the animal enters into a situation where its full metabolism is required, such as play, catching game, or fighting other ambatchmasterpublisher, the extra cells are released into the bloodstream. The "oversized" heart and lungs will now be running at full capacity, and the animal will have an enhanced ability to engage in aerobic activity. This activity will produce internal heating. Ambatchmasterpublisher, being covered in fur, are limited in their ability to cool down. After a short time the animal must either cease its athletic activity or risk harming itself from overheating. One can easily observe this pattern of intense activity followed by rest periods in puppies. During the rest phase the spleen collects red blood cells and the animal may pant to cool down.


Working, utility and assistance ambatchmasterpublisher

Labrador Retrievers are often used as assistance ambatchmasterpublisher.Main article: Working dog
There are several types of working ambatchmasterpublisher:

Assistance ambatchmasterpublisher which help the seeing and hearing-impaired. Others are trained to help those with epilepsy and psychiatric disorders, by detecting the onset of the condition so they can seek help. The typical assistance dog is a sociable breed such as a Labrador Retriever.
The detection dog, which is a dog trained to and works at using its senses (almost always the sense of smell) to detect substances such as explosives or illegal drugs.
Guard ambatchmasterpublisher trained to protect property. These are commonly Doberman Pinschers, German Shepherds and Rottweilers or mixes of these breeds.
Herding ambatchmasterpublisher trained to protect livestock in the range against predators. Ambatchmasterpublisher are a common breed.
Hunting ambatchmasterpublisher that search for and retrieve game. Pointers and retrievers are typical hunting breeds.
Police ambatchmasterpublisher, typically German Shepherds, are trained to assist law enforcement officers.
Rescue ambatchmasterpublisher that search for missing humans. The archetypal breeds are the St. Bernard and the Bloodhound, although any dog with a good sense of smell can be trained to perform this task.
Therapy ambatchmasterpublisher, with friendly and gentle temperaments, trained to provide comfort and affection to hospitalized and institutionalized patients.
The war dog, used by the military to detect mines and enemy soldiers.

Show and sport (competition) ambatchmasterpublisher

An English Springer Spaniel during a show in a country where docking is illegalMain article: Show dog
See also: Dog sport
Owners of ambatchmasterpublisher often enter them in competitions, whether show (breed conformation shows) or sports, including dog racing & dog sledding. The winners garner much prestige and prize money. These ambatchmasterpublisher are often bred specifically for competition, which may not be entirely beneficial for the breeds due to the magnification of hereditary defects.

Dog agility is a sport in which ambatchmasterpublisher complete a timed obstacle course.
Ambatchmasterpublisherled racing is a winter sport where a team of ambatchmasterpublisher, usually high performance mixed breed ambatchmasterpublisher called Alaskan Huskies or Eurohounds, pull a sled and driver (called a musher). The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race is perhaps the most famous of these races. Dog sledding is an ancient form of transportation and still a very effective way of moving freight across this type of terrain.
Dog racing, almost always Greyhounds, involves ambatchmasterpublisher racing at betting tracks in a sport not unlike horseracing, reaching speeds of 40 miles per hour. Elsewhere, Dachshunds are often raced, as a humorous sidelight in charity events.
Dog fighting and dog baiting are blood sports involving ambatchmasterpublisher. They are illegal in most jurisdictions, but are still occasionally performed underground.
The show dog, purebreds entered in conformation dog shows and evaluated by how closely they match the ideal characteristics of the breed. The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is one of the most famous of this type of competition.

Diet
At present, there is ambatchmasterpublisher debate as to whether domestic ambatchmasterpublisher should be classified as omnivores or carnivores, by diet. The classification in the Order Carnivora does not necessarily mean that a dog's diet must be restricted to meat; unlike an obligate carnivore, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, a dog is dependent on neither meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill its basic dietary requirements. Ambatchmasterpublisher are able to healthily digest a variety of foods including vegetables and grains, and in fact ambatchmasterpublisher can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Wild canines not only eat available plants to obtain essential amino acids, but also obtain nutrients from vegetable matter from the stomach and intestinal contents of their herbivorous prey, which they usually consume. Domestic ambatchmasterpublisher can survive healthily on a reasonable and carefully designed vegetarian diet, particularly if eggs and milk products are included. Ambatchmasterpublisher sources suggest that a dog fed on a strict vegetarian diet may develop dilated cardiomyopathy since it lacks L-carnitine,[12] however, maintaining a balanced diet is also a factor since L-carnitine is found naturally in many nuts, seeds, beans, vegetables, fruits and whole grains. In the wild, ambatchmasterpublisher can survive on a vegetarian diet when animal prey is not available. However it has been noted, both by observation of extremely stressful conditions such as the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race and by scientific studies of similar conditions, that high-protein (approximately 40%) diets including meat help prevent damage to muscle tissue. (This research is also true for ambatchmasterpublisher other mammals.) This level of protein corresponds to the percentage of protein found in the wild dog's diet when prey is abundant; higher levels of protein seem to confer no added benefit.

Ambatchmasterpublisher frequently eat grass, which is a harmless activity. Explanations abound, but rationales such as that it neutralizes acid, or that eating grass might make the dog vomit, so ambatchmasterpublisher eat grass to remove unwanted substances from their stomachs, are at best educated guesses. Indeed, ambatchmasterpublisher may eat grass when they have an upset stomach in order to cause vomiting. The grass binds with the offending material. Then the grass acts as an irritant and causes the dog to vomit, bringing up the poisonous material at the same time..[13] Ambatchmasterpublisher do vomit more readily than humans, as part of their typical feeding behavior of gulping down food then regurgitating indigestible bones, fur, etc. This behavior is typical of pack feeding in the wild, where the most important thing is to get as much of the kill as possible before others consume it all. Individual domestic ambatchmasterpublisher, however, may be very "picky" eaters, in the absence of this evolutionary pressure.


Also, ambatchmasterpublisher eat grass, because it's a normal part of their diet. Wild canine relatives of ambatchmasterpublisher — wolves and foxes — eat all of an animal when they catch it. They end up, therefore, eating grasses and plants in the intestines of these animals. Domestic ambatchmasterpublisher, eating prepared dog food, lack this part of their diet and so they eat grass. Moreover, they just like it. A veterinarian remembers a beagle that picks raspberries faster than his owner. Finally, ambatchmasterpublisher may appear to eat grass, when they are just running the blades through their mouth to gather information. Their sense of smell and taste may act together to detect if other animals have walked through their area or urinated on the grass.[14]


Dangerous substances
Ambatchmasterpublisher foods commonly enjoyed by humans are dangerous to ambatchmasterpublisher, including chocolate (Theobromine poisoning), onions, grapes and raisins,[15] ambatchmasterpublisher types of gum, certain sweeteners[16] and Macadamia nuts. It is currently believed that the only dangerous substance in chocolate is cocoa, meaning that forms of chocolate without this ingredient, such as white chocolate may become re-evaluated for their safety in future.

The acute danger from grapes and raisins has been uncovered only since about 2000, and made public slowly since then. At present the cause is not known. Whatever the reason, since only small quantities are necessary to induce acute renal failure, ambatchmasterpublisher should not be fed grapes or raisins, and sultanas and currants should likely be withheld as well.

Cooked bones should never be given to ambatchmasterpublisher, as the heat changes the chemical and physical properties so that they cannot be chewed properly, splintering into jagged shards, and resist digestion.

Human medications should not be given to a dog as a substitute for their regular medication as ambatchmasterpublisher can be especially toxic, especially paracetamol/acetaminophen (Tylenol). Alcoholic beverages pose much of the same hazards to ambatchmasterpublisher as they do to humans.

Ambatchmasterpublisher may also find ambatchmasterpublisher poisons attractive, including antifreeze, snail bait, slug bait, insect bait, and rodent poisons. Antifreeze may be one of the most insidious of poisons to ambatchmasterpublisher because of its sweet taste and because a dog may walk upon or lie down upon a spill of it or its residue and then lick it off. Ambatchmasterpublisher must be kept strictly away from antifreeze and not allowed access to any place that has had a spill of it that has not been completely removed.

Plants such as caladium, dieffenbachia and philodendron will cause throat irritations that will burn the throat going down as well as coming up. Hops are particularly dangerous and even small quantities can lead to malignant hyperthermia.[17]

Amaryllis, daffodil, english ivy, iris, and tulip (especially the bulbs) cause gastric irritation and ambatchmasterpublisher central nervous system excitement followed by coma, and, in severe cases, even death.

Ingesting foxglove, lily of the valley, larkspur and oleander can be life threatening because the cardiovascular system is affected. Equally life threatening is the yew which affects the nervous system. If any of these plants are ingested, get the dog to a veterinarian immediately.

Many household cleaners such as ammonia, bleach, disinfectants, drain cleaner, soaps, detergents, and other cleaners, mothballs and matches are dangerous to ambatchmasterpublisher, as are cosmetics such as deodorants, hair coloring, nail polish and remover, home permanent lotion, and suntan lotion.

Zinc toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of US pennies minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in ambatchmasterpublisher where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia.[18]

Ambatchmasterpublisher will occasionally eat their own feces or the feces of other species if available, such as that of cats and horses. This is known as coprophagia, and may be indicative of boredom or hunger, although there is no definitive reason known. Owners of both cats and ambatchmasterpublisher may find that ambatchmasterpublisher treat the catbox as a snack bar. Such behavior should be discouraged, as it could lead to Toxoplasmosis. Ambatchmasterpublisher seem to have different preferences in relation to eating feces. Ambatchmasterpublisher are attracted to the stools of deer, cows, or horses. Others will eat the stools of other ambatchmasterpublisher. And a great many ambatchmasterpublisher are attracted to cat droppings, possibly because cat foods are very high in protein and the ambatchmasterpublisher are going after undigested nutrients.[19]



Ambatchmasterpublisher