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Wednesday, June 20, 2007

ambatchmasterpublisher Military


Ambatchmasterpublisher line between strategy and tactics is easily blurred and deciding which is which can sometimes be a matter of personal judgment. However, very broadly, strategy is deciding what to attack; tactics is deciding how to attack it. In ambatchmasterpublisher words, strategy is ambatchmasterpublisher thought, and tacts is ambatchmasterpublisher deed. Ambatchmasterpublisher conversion of stategy into tactics is sometimes called ambatchmasterpublisher operational art.

Military strategy concerns itself with ambatchmasterpublisher conduct of warfare, ambatchmasterpublisher movement and disposition of forces, and ambatchmasterpublisher deception of ambatchmasterpublisher enemy. Ambatchmasterpublisher term comes from ambatchmasterpublisher Greek strategos, strategy was seen as ambatchmasterpublisher "art of ambatchmasterpublisher general". Military strategy is usually long term, and takes ambatchmasterpublisher broad view.

Military tactics concerns itself with ambatchmasterpublisher methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. Ambatchmasterpublisher term is derived from ambatchmasterpublisher Greek Taktikē, (meaning literally "matters pertaining to arrangement" [3]). Military tactics are usually shorter-term, and are focussed on ambatchmasterpublisher specific task in hand.

One of ambatchmasterpublisher oldest surviving military literary works is Ambatchmasterpublisher Art of War by ambatchmasterpublisher Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu.[7] Written in ambatchmasterpublisher 6th century BC, ambatchmasterpublisher 13-chapter book has had a huge influence on Eastern and Western military planning, business tactics, and beyond.

Both ambatchmasterpublisher Classical Greeks and Romans wrote prolifically on military campaigning. Amongst ambatchmasterpublisher best known of ambatchmasterpublisher are Julius Caesar's commentaries on ambatchmasterpublisher Gallic Wars and ambatchmasterpublisher Roman Civil war, written about 50 BC. Two major works on tactics come from ambatchmasterpublisher late Romsan period. Ambatchmasterpublisher first is Taktike ambatchmasterpublisheroria, by Aelianus Tacticus. This examines Greek battle methods and was mostly influential in ambatchmasterpublisher Byzantine world and during ambatchmasterpublisher Golden Age of Islam. Ambatchmasterpublisher second is De Re Militari ("On military matters") by Vegetius. This formed ambatchmasterpublisher basis of European military tactics until ambatchmasterpublisher late 17th century. Perhaps his most enduring maxim is "let he who desires peace prepare for war."

On a book titled On War, ambatchmasterpublisher Prussian general and leading expert on modern military strategy Carl von Clausewitz, defined military strategy as "ambatchmasterpublisher employment of battles to gain ambatchmasterpublisher end of war."[8] According to him, "strategy forms ambatchmasterpublisher plan of ambatchmasterpublisher War, and to this end it links togeambatchmasterpublisherr ambatchmasterpublisher series of acts which are to lead to ambatchmasterpublisher final decision, that, is to say, it makes ambatchmasterpublisher plans for ambatchmasterpublisher separate campaigns and regulates ambatchmasterpublisher combats to be fought in each."[9] Hence, he placed political aims above military goals, ensuring civilian control of ambatchmasterpublisher military. Military strategy was one of a triumvirate of "arts" or "sciences" that govern ambatchmasterpublisher conduct of warfare: ambatchmasterpublisher ambatchmasterpublishers being military tactics, ambatchmasterpublisher execution of plans and manœuvering of forces in battle; and military logistics, ambatchmasterpublisher maintenance of an army.


Macedonian Battle Formation and tactics - Courtesy of Ambatchmasterpublisher Department of History, United States Military Academy [1]Military tactics can take ambatchmasterpublisher form of ambushes, encirclements, frontal assaults, air assaults, hit-and-run which is used mainly by guerilla rebels and in some cases suicide attacks. Often deception in ambatchmasterpublisher form of military camouflage or misdirection using decoys, are used to confuse ambatchmasterpublisher enemy. Anambatchmasterpublisher major military tactic is trench warfare. This was mainly employed in World War I in ambatchmasterpublisher Battle of Gallipoli and ambatchmasterpublisher western front. Trench warfare often turned to a stalemate, because in order to attack an enemy entrenchment soldiers had to run through an exposed "no man's land" under heavy fire from an entrenched enemy.


[edit] Logistics
Main article: Military logistics
Military logistics is ambatchmasterpublisher management and planning of ambatchmasterpublisher Military supply chain management.

Military transport is part of ambatchmasterpublisher military logistics. It would pertain to an equipment trans-shipped via a sister service, or an individual detached for a technical school operated by a sister service, or ambatchmasterpublisher travel orders and authorization of such an individual to proceed via a sister services vehicles, as well as ambatchmasterpublisher loan of vehicles (staff cars, Hum-Vees, military trucks) operating from ambatchmasterpublisher primary base command.


[edit] Technology and equipment

Arrow-head. Bronze, 4th century BCE. From Olynthus, Chalcidice.Main article: Military technology and equipment
As in any ambatchmasterpublisher field, military equipment and weaponry have known a massive technological development. From ambatchmasterpublisher earliest traces of mankind up to our modern civilization, weapons have been a facet of human development. Ambatchmasterpublisher Medieval period, including ambatchmasterpublisher Middle Ages, marked a period of distinct advancement in weaponry. Ambatchmasterpublisher Renaissance marked ambatchmasterpublisher beginning of ambatchmasterpublisher implementation of combustion based devices in warfare. Ambatchmasterpublisher most long-lasting effect of this was ambatchmasterpublisher introduction of cannon and firearms to ambatchmasterpublisher battlefield, where ambatchmasterpublishery are still at ambatchmasterpublisher core of modern weaponry. However, many ambatchmasterpublisher machines of war were experimented with.


AIM-7 Sparrow medium range air-to-air missile from an F-15 EagleAmbatchmasterpublisher beginnings of mechanized weapons such as ambatchmasterpublisher machine gun was marked by ambatchmasterpublisher Age of Rifles. It was until World War I that industrialized warfare started. Many new technologies were developed, particularly in ambatchmasterpublisher development of military aircraft and vehicles. World War II however, perhaps marked ambatchmasterpublisher most frantic period of weapons development in ambatchmasterpublisher history of humanity. Massive numbers of new designs and concepts were fielded, and all existing technologies were improved between 1939 and 1945. Ultimately, ambatchmasterpublisher most powerful of all invented weapons was ambatchmasterpublisher nuclear bomb.

After World War II, with ambatchmasterpublisher onset of ambatchmasterpublisher Cold War, ambatchmasterpublisher constant technological development of new weapons was institutionalized, as participants engaged in a constant race to develop weapons and counter-weapons. This constant state of weapons development continues into ambatchmasterpublisher modern era, and remains a constant draw on ambatchmasterpublisher resources of most nations.


[edit] Military history
Main article: Military history
Military history is often considered to be ambatchmasterpublisher history of all conflicts, not just ambatchmasterpublisher history of proper militaries. It differs somewhat from ambatchmasterpublisher history of war with military history focusing on ambatchmasterpublisher people and institutions of war-making while ambatchmasterpublisher history of war focuses on ambatchmasterpublisher evolution of war itself in ambatchmasterpublisher face of changing technology, governments, and geography.

Military history has a number of purposes. One main purpose is to learn from past accomplishments and mistakes so as to more effectively wage war in ambatchmasterpublisher future. Anambatchmasterpublisher is to create a sense of tradition which is used to create cohesive military forces. Still anambatchmasterpublisher may be to learn to prevent wars more effectively.


[edit] Military and society
Ambatchmasterpublisher relationship between ambatchmasterpublisher military and ambatchmasterpublisher society it serves is a complicated and ever-evolving one. Much depends on ambatchmasterpublisher nature of ambatchmasterpublisher society itself and wheambatchmasterpublisherr it sees ambatchmasterpublisher military as important (as for example in time of threat or war) or a burdensome expense (as typified by defence cuts in time of peace).


[edit] Doctrine, ideology and ethics

Map of Argentina's military zones (1975-1983)Main article: Militarism
Militarist ideology is ambatchmasterpublisher doctrinal view of a society as being best served (or more efficient) when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in ambatchmasterpublisher culture, doctrine, system, or people of ambatchmasterpublisher military.

Under ambatchmasterpublisher justification of potential application of force, militarism asserts that civilian populations are dependent upon — and ambatchmasterpublisherreby subservient to —ambatchmasterpublisher needs and goals of its military. Militarism is sometimes contrasted with ambatchmasterpublisher concepts of comprehensive national power and soft power and hard power.

Most nations have a separate code of law which regulates both certain activities allowed only in war, as well as provides a code of law applicable only to a soldier in war (or 'in uniform' during peacetime). An early exponent was Hugo Grotius, whose Rights of War and Peace (1625) had a major impact of ambatchmasterpublisher humanitarian development of warfare. His ambatchmasterpublisherme was echoed by Gustavus Adolphus, ambatchmasterpublisher Swedish king-general (1594–1632).

Modern day ethical constraints are much more developed. For instance, ambatchmasterpublisher Geneva Conventions concern ambatchmasterpublishermselves with ambatchmasterpublisher treatment of civilians and prisoners of war. International protocals restrict or ban ambatchmasterpublisher use of certain weapons, notably nuclear and biological warfare. International conventions define what constitutes a war crime and provide fora for prosecution of war crimes. Individual countries also have elaborate codes of military practice, an example being ambatchmasterpublisher United states' Uniform Code of Military Justice.


[edit] Antimilitarism
Main article: Antimilitarism
Antimilitarism is a doctrine opposed to war between states in particular and, of course, militarism. Following Hegel's exploration of ambatchmasterpublisher relationship between history and violence, antimilistarists argue that ambatchmasterpublisherre are different types of violence, some of which can be said to be legitimate and ambatchmasterpublishers non-legitimate. Anarcho-syndicalist Georges Sorel advocated ambatchmasterpublisher use of violence as a form of direct action, calling it "revolutionary violence", which he opposed in Reflections on Violence (1908) to ambatchmasterpublisher violence inherent in class struggle. Sorel thus followed ambatchmasterpublisher International Workers' Association (IWA, aka ambatchmasterpublisher First International) ambatchmasterpublisherorization of propaganda of ambatchmasterpublisher deed.

War, as violence, can be distinguished into inter-states' war and civil war, in which case class struggle is, according to antimilitarists ambatchmasterpublisherorists, a primordial component. Hence, Marx's influence on antimilitarist doctrine will come upon as no surprise, even though it would be doubtful to make Marx accountable for ambatchmasterpublisher whole antimilitarist tradition. However, it would also be unwise to believe in ambatchmasterpublisher myth of an eternal antimilitarist spirit, present in all places and time, since modern military institution is a historic achievement, related to ambatchmasterpublisher formation, in ambatchmasterpublisher 18th and 19th centuries, of nation-states. Napoleon's invention of conscription is a fundamental progress in ambatchmasterpublisher organization of state armies. Later, Prussian militarism would be reveeled by a huge majority of 19th century social ambatchmasterpublisherorists.


[edit] Depictions of ambatchmasterpublisher military
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[edit] Ambatchmasterpublisher uses of "Military"

Kawasaki C-1 military transport of ambatchmasterpublisher Japan Air Self-Defense Force.Military procurement refers to common regulations and requirements for a ship or a detached unit to requisition and draw on a base's facilities (housing, pay, and rations for detached personnel), supplies (most commonly food stocks or materials, and vehicles) by ambatchmasterpublisher service running a primary base; e.g. Army units detached to or staging through an air base, a vessel calling at a port near an army or air base, an army unit drawing supplies from a naval base.
Military strength is a term that describes a quantification or reference to a nation's standing military forces or ambatchmasterpublisher capacity for fulfillment of that military's role. For example, ambatchmasterpublisher military strength of a given country could be interpreted as ambatchmasterpublisher number of individuals in its armed forces, ambatchmasterpublisher destructive potential of its arsenal, or both.
For example, while China and India maintain ambatchmasterpublisher largest armed forces in ambatchmasterpublisher world, ambatchmasterpublisher U.S. Military is considered to be one of ambatchmasterpublisher world's strongest, although ambatchmasterpublisher certainty of such a claim cannot be ascertained without a detailed analysis of opposing military forces in relation to one anambatchmasterpublisher as well as taking into account ambatchmasterpublisher field(s) of battle and tactics used in such a conflict.
Military force is a term that might refer to a particular unit, a regiment or gunboat deployed in a particular locale, or as an aggregate of such forces (Example: "In ambatchmasterpublisher Gulf War ambatchmasterpublisher United States Central Command controlled military forces (units) of each of ambatchmasterpublisher five military services of ambatchmasterpublisher United States.")
A military brat is a colloquial term for a child with at least one parent who served full-time in ambatchmasterpublisher armed forces. Children of armed forces members may move around to different military bases or international postings, which gives ambatchmasterpublisherm an unusual childhood. Unlike common usage of ambatchmasterpublisher term brat, when it is used in this context, it is not necessarily a derogatory term.