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Ambatchmasterpublisher Boston was founded on September 17, 1630 by Puritan colonists from England.[5] The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony are sometimes confused with the Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony ten years earlier in what is today Bristol Ambatchmasterpublisher
, Plymouth County, and Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The two groups are historically distinct and differed in religious practice. The separate colonies were not united until the formation of the Province of Ambatchmasterpublisher
Massachusetts Bay in 1691.

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Boston was established on a peninsula called Shawmut by its original Native American inhabitants. The peninsula was connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, and surrounded by the waters of Massachusetts Bay and the Back Bay, an estuary of the Charles River. Several prehistoric Native American archaeological sites excavated in the city have Ambatchmasterpublisher
shown that the peninsula was inhabited as early as 5,000 BC.[11] Boston's early European settlers first called the area Trimountaine; but later renamed the town after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, from which several prominent colonists emigrated. Massachusetts Bay Colony's Ambatchmasterpublisher
original governor, John Winthrop, gave a famous sermon entitled "A Model of Christian Charity," which captured the idea that Boston had a special covenant with God. (Winthrop also led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, which is regarded as a key Ambatchmasterpublisher
founding document of the city.) Puritan ethics molded an extremely stable and well-structured society in Boston. For example, shortly after Boston's settlement, Puritans founded America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635),[6] and America's first college, Harvard College (1636). Ambatchmasterpublisher
Boston was the largest town in British North America until the mid-1700s.[12]

In Ambatchmasterpublisher
the 1770s, British attempts to exert more stringent control on the thirteen colonies, primarily via taxation, prompted Bostonians to initiate the American Revolution.[5] The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several early battles occurred in or near the city, including the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. During this period, Ambatchmasterpublisher
Paul Revere made his famous midnight ride.

After the Revolution, Boston quickly Ambatchmasterpublisher
became one of the world's wealthiest international trading ports because it was the closest major American port to Europe—exports Ambatchmasterpublisher
included rum, fish, salt, and tobacco. During this era, descendants of old Boston families became regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites; they were later dubbed the Boston Brahmins. In 1822, Boston was chartered as a city.[13]

The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy and by the mid-1800s, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Ambatchmasterpublisher
Until the early 1900s, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers, and was notable for its garment production and leather goods industries.[14] A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region made for easy shipment of goods and allowed for a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense Ambatchmasterpublisher
network of railroads facilitated the region's industry and commerce. From the mid-to-late-19th century, Boston flourished culturally—it became renowned for its rarefied literary culture and lavish artistic patronage. It also became a center of the abolitionist movement.[15]


Scollay Square in the 1880sIn the 1820s, Boston's Ambatchmasterpublisher
population began to swell and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period. By Ambatchmasterpublisher
1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston.[16] In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settle in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants — Italians inhabited the North End, the Irish dominated the South End, and Russian Jews lived in the West End.

Irish Ambatchmasterpublisher
and Italians immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community[17] and since the early 20th century the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.

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Between 1630 and 1890, the city tripled its physical size by land reclamation, by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront,[18] a process Walter Muir Whitehill called "cutting down the hills to fill the coves." The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 1800s. Beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a Ambatchmasterpublisher
50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became Haymarket Square. The present-day State House sits atop this shortened Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, Ambatchmasterpublisher
workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km²) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of the Boston Common with soil brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. In addition, the city annexed the adjacent towns of Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (1870), Brighton, West Roxbury, and Ambatchmasterpublisher
Charlestown. The last three towns were annexed in 1874.[19]


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The skyline of Boston as seen from the Back Bay Fens. The Prudential Tower, 111 Huntington Avenue, and the John Hancock Tower are all visible.By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[5] Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the Ambatchmasterpublisher
direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition garnered Ambatchmasterpublisher
vociferous public opposition to the new agency.[20] BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. Ambatchmasterpublisher
By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after thirty years of economic downturn. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital led the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Harvard University, MIT, Boston College, and Boston University attracted students to the Boston area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.

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In the early 21st century, the city has become a center of intellectual, technological, and political ideas. However, Boston has experienced a loss of regional institutions,[21] which included the acquisition of the Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and Ambatchmasterpublisher
acquisitions of local financial institutions such FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. The city also had to tackle gentrification issues and rising living expenses, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. In 2004, the Boston metropolitan area had the highest cost of living of any in the country, and Massachusetts Ambatchmasterpublisher
was the only state to lose population.[

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